Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a complex immune-mediated disease of the gastrointestinal tract that increases morbidity and negatively influences the quality of life. Intestinal mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) have a crucial role in maintaining epithelial barrier integrity while controlling pathogen invasion by activating an appropriate immune response. However, in genetically predisposed individuals, uncontrolled immune activation to intestinal flora is thought to underlie the chronic mucosal inflammation that can ultimately result in IBD. Thus, MNPs are involved in fine-tuning mucosal immune system responsiveness and have a critical role in maintaining homeostasis or, potentially, the emergence of IBD. MNPs include monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, which are functionally diverse but highly complementary. Despite their crucial role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, specific functions of human MNP subsets are poorly understood, especially during diseases such as IBD. Here we review the current understanding of MNP ontogeny, as well as the recently identified human intestinal MNP subsets, and discuss their role in health and IBD.

To conclude, advancing our understanding of the extended family of MNPs and dissecting their interactions with other cells comprising the networks that drive IBD is crucial to develop additional strategies to alleviate the chronic inflammation that underlies this debilitating disease. Indeed, recent publications using multi-dimensional analyses revealed cellular networks, including MNP subsets, involved in IBD pathogenesis, providing a platform for future therapeutic development. Finally, better characterization of pathophysiology in subgroups of IBD patients and developing combined immunotherapies for stratified, or possibly personalized, strategies is required to limit disease progression and develop new treatments for patients where current therapies are ineffective.

Submit manuscript at www.longdom.org/submissions/clinical-cellular-immunology.html or send as an e-mail attachment to the Editorial Office at: immunology@eclinicalsci.com

Media Contact:
Mercy Eleanor
Managing Editor
Journal of Clinical and Cellular Immunology
Whatsapp:  +1-504-608-2390