A biomarker in medicine is a observable measure of the extent or occurrence of a state of illness. More broadly, a biomarker is something that can be used as an indication of a specific disorder of an organism, or any other physiological state.

A biomarker can be a material introduced into an organism as a way of testing organ function or other health aspects. Rubidium chloride, for example, is used in isotopic labelling to test heart muscle perfusion. It can also be a substance whose identification indicates a medical disease, e.g. the presence of an antibody may indicate an infection

Specifically, a biomarker indicates a shift in the expression or state of a protein that correlates with a disease's risk or development, or with the disease's sensitivity to a given treatment. Biomarkers may be distinctive biological properties or molecules which can be detected and measured in body parts such as blood or tissue.

CD16 is a cluster of differentiation molecules located on the surface of naturally occurring killer cells, neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages. CD16 was identified as Fc receptors FcπRIIIa (CD16a) and FcÿRIIIb (CD16b) participating in signal transduction. CD16 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) involved in antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC), the most well-researched membrane receptor involved in NK cell lysis.

Novel biomarker detection is an significant medical advancement in cancer therapy, rejection of transplants and autoimmune diseases using newly formed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and oncolytic adenovirus treatments. Present cancer-related mAb therapies predominate with IgG antibodies to help recognize and remove cytotoxic substances of cancer cells through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Development of novel monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and oncolytic virus therapies have relied on analysis of biomarkers as potential predictors of success. One well studied biomarker is the CD16/ FcγRIIIa receptor residue 158 F/V. Identifying variants through genotyping of the FcγRIIIa locus is widely practiced and highly varied with commonly used methods including: Sanger sequencing, flow-cytometry, PCR/RFLP, Goldengate (replaced by Infinium) and TaqMAN analysis

Illumina's technology reportedly lowered the cost of sequencing a human genome to US$ 1,000 by 2014, down from a price of US$ 1 million in 2007.[2] Customers include genetic research centres, pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, clinical research organisations and biotechnology firms.

Authors can submit their manuscript related to Biomarker, genetics and DNA suppresser protein related topic as an email attachment to the mentioned mail ids genetech@peerjournals.com or genetechnol@molbioljournal.org

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